Gene clues for testicular cancer, heart defect

PARIS: Separate studies of the human genome have found tantalising clues to the inherited causes of testicular cancer and non-inherited causes of congenital heart disease, journals reported on Sunday.

University of Pennsylvania researchers looked at the DNA of more than 13,000 men, comparing the DNA code of those with testicular cancer -- the commonest form of cancer diagnosed among young men today -- against men who were otherwise healthy.

They found four new variants that increase the risk of this disease, bringing the tally of known mutations to 17, according to research reported in Nature Genetics.

Meanwhile, investigators at the Yale School of Medicine found a clutch of gene mutations, absent in parents but found in their offspring, which account for at least 10 percent of cases of severe congenital heart disease, a birth defect that afflicts nearly one percent of babies.

"Most interestingly, the set of genes mutated in congenital heart disease unexpectedly overlapped with genes and pathways mutated in autism," said Richard Lifton, a professor of genetics.

"These findings suggest there may be common pathways that underlie a wide range of common congenital diseases."

The study appears in the journal Nature.

Genomics is one of the fastest-moving areas of medical research.

Identifying genetic signatures associated with disease opens up the prospect of DNA tests to identify people most at risk. They also throw open avenues of research to block or reverse the disease. (AFP)

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Embryonic stem cells: Advance in medical human cloning

Human cloning has been used to produce early embryos, marking a "significant step" for medicine, say US scientists.

The cloned embryos were used as a source of stem cells, which can make new heart muscle, bone, brain tissue or any other type of cell in the body.

The study, published in the journal Cell, used methods like those that produced Dolly the sheep in the UK.

However, researchers say other sources of stem cells may be easier, cheaper and less controversial.

Stem cells are one of the great hopes for medicine. Being able to create new tissue might be able to heal the damage caused by a heart attack or repair a severed spinal cord.

There are already trials taking place using stem cells taken from donated embryos to restore people's sight.

However, these donated cells do not match the patient so they would be rejected by the body. Cloning bypasses this problem.

The technique used - somatic cell nuclear transfer - has been well-known since Dolly the sheep became the first mammal to be cloned, in 1996.

However, researchers have struggled to reproduce the feat in people. The egg does start dividing, but never goes past the 6-12 cell stage.Skin cells were taken from an adult and the genetic information was placed inside a donor egg which had been stripped of its own DNA. Electricity was used to encourage the egg to develop into an embryo.

'Real deal'

A South Korean scientist, Hwang Woo-suk, did claim to have created stem cells from cloned human embryos, but was found to have faked the evidence.

Now a team at the Oregon Health and Science University have developed the embryo to the blastocyst stage - around 150 cells - which is enough to provide a source of embryonic stem cells.

Continue reading the main story

Cloned babies?

Could scientists fully clone a person? It's an interesting question that emerges from this research.

These researchers have certainly developed a cloned embryo further than anyone else.

But producing a five-day-old embryo is a world away from a woman giving birth to the first human clone.

The embryo would need to be implanted as per IVF, but primate research shows that things often go wrong before the clone is born.

Prof Robin Lovell-Badge of the UK National Institute for Medical Research said: "It is an unsafe procedure in animals and it will similarly be an unsafe procedure in humans. For this reason alone it should not be attempted."

It would also be illegal is some countries, such as the UK, which differentiate between "therapeutic" and "reproductive" cloning.

Dr Shoukhrat Mitalipov said: "A thorough examination of the stem cells derived through this technique demonstrated their ability to convert just like normal embryonic stem cells, into several different cell types, including nerve cells, liver cells and heart cells.

"While there is much work to be done in developing safe and effective stem cell treatments, we believe this is a significant step forward in developing the cells that could be used in regenerative medicine."

Chris Mason, a professor of regenerative medicine at University College London, said this looked like "the real deal".

"They've done the same as the Wright brothers really. They've looked around at where are all the best bits of how to do this from different groups all over the place and basically amalgamated it.

"The Wright brothers took off and this has actually managed to make embryonic stem cells."

The ethical rival

Embryonic stem cell research has repeatedly raised ethical concerns and human eggs are a scarce resource. This has led researchers to an alternative route to stem cells.

The technique takes the same sample of skin cells but converts them using proteins to "induced pluripotent" stem cells.

However, there are still questions about the quality of stem cells produced using this method compared with embryonic stem cells.

Prof Mason said the field was leaning towards induced pluripotent stem cells: "It has got a lot of momentum behind it, a lot of funding and a lot of powerful people now."

Dr Lyle Armstrong at Newcastle University said that the study "without doubt" marked an advance for the field.

But he warned: "Ultimately, the costs of somatic cell nuclear transfer-based methods for making stem cells could be prohibitive."

Dr David King, from the campaign group Human Genetics Alert, warned that: "Scientists have finally delivered the baby that would-be human cloners have been waiting for: a method for reliably creating cloned human embryos.

"This makes it imperative that we create an international legal ban on human cloning before any more research like this takes place. It is irresponsible in the extreme to have published this research."

READMORE:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-22540374

the "soda rivers

NEW YORK: A New York judge blocked mayor Michael Bloomberg's planned ban on giant sodas, dealing a setback to his public health agenda just hours before curbs on selling such drinks were due to begin.

Judge Milton Tingling ruled that measures to restrict soda servings to a maximum of 16 ounces (470 millilitres) in restaurants and other venues, were "arbitrary and capricious," and he was barring the plan "permanently."

Bloomberg has made health issues a key plank of his administration, banning smoking in restaurants, bars and other public places. He quickly denounced the judge's decision on sodas as "clearly wrong," and said the city would appeal.

"I am trying to do what is right to save lives. Obesity kills," a visibly angry Bloomberg told reporters, noting that 5,000 New Yorkers and 70,000 US citizens would fall victim to the disease this year.

"Sugary drinks are a leading cause of obesity. We have a responsibility as human beings to do something, to save each other," he added.

But Bloomberg's super-sized soda ban, which would have been a first for a US city, sparked frenzied debate, with petitions and media campaigns from both sides.

Some supported Bloomberg's arguments, emphasizing that 30 years ago the average soda serving was just six ounces, but that these days, it's not rare to see young Americans with giant fizzy drinks of more than a liter (33 ounces).

Opinion polls over the summer indicated that a majority of New Yorkers opposed the limited ban, with some suggesting the mayor was impinging on civil liberties and others arguing the rules would not be effective.

Industry lobby groups led by the American Beverage Association (ABA) and the National Restaurant Association took the court action that led to Monday's judgment, and they praised the decision.

"The court ruling provides a sigh of relief to New Yorkers and thousands of small businesses in New York City that would have been harmed by this arbitrary and unpopular ban," the ABA said in a statement.

As well as the thousands who die each year from obesity-linked problems, one in eight adult New Yorkers has diabetes, which can be aggravated by sugar consumption, and studies have shown that sodas, which often cost less than bottled water, are a contributing factor.

"Remember, for many years, the standard soda size was six ounces -- not 16, it was six, then it was 12 ounces -- and people thought that was huge. Then it became 16, then 20 ounces," Bloomberg said.

"We believe it's reasonable to draw a line -- and it's responsible to draw a line right now," he added.

The New York Board of Health approved the measures last September and they were due to come into force on Tuesday in restaurants and places of public entertainment, such as stadiums.

In a boost for the soda limits, the newly-built basketball stadium for the Brooklyn Nets had said it would immediately adopt the rules.

But under the measures put forward by the city there was nothing to stop people from buying as much soda as they like by refilling smaller containers.

Also, the ban did not extend to drinks sold in supermarkets or any dairy or fruit drinks, many of which also contain huge quantities of sugar.

Diet and alcoholic drinks were also exempted under the city's plan.

"The exclusion of all alcoholic beverages from the ban is completely irrational. Beer and soda have nearly the same calories per ounce," the legal complaint said.

And "the application of the ban to some business establishments but not others is arbitrary and capricious," it argued.

Bloomberg previously acknowledged that the plan would fall short of ending over-consumption of sugary drinks, but he said the disappearance of mega-sized cups would at least make people more aware of what they were consuming. (AFP)

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Less sleep leads to more eating, weight gain

WASHINGTON: Sleeping a mere five hours a night during a work week with unlimited access to snacks isn't good for your waistline.

A study, led by the University of Colorado at Boulder, found that participants gained nearly one kilogram when put in such a situation.

Previous studies have shown that a lack of shut-eye can lead to the packing on of kilos but the reasons for the extra weight were unclear, according to the authors of the latest research.

Published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the newest findings show that, while staying awake longer did indeed require more energy, the extra calories burned were more than offset by the amount of food the study participants consumed.

"Just getting less sleep, by itself, is not going to lead to weight gain," said Kenneth Wright, director of CU-Boulder's Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory that lead the study. "But when people get insufficient sleep, it leads them to eat more than they actually need."

The researchers monitored 16 young, lean and healthy men and women who lived for two weeks at the University of Colorado Hospital, which has a "sleep suite."

They measured how much energy participants used by keeping tabs on the amount of oxygen they breathed in and the amount of carbon dioxide they exhaled.

After all participants spent the first three days with the opportunity to sleep nine hours a night and eating controlled meals meant to maintain their weight, they were split into two groups.

The first group then spent five days with only five hours during which to sleep, while the other group spent those days with nine hours during which to rest.

After the first five days, the groups switched. In both groups, participants were offered larger meals and access to snacks that included ice cream and potato chips but also healthier options such as fruit and yoghurt.

On average, those who slept for up to five hours a night burned five per cent more energy than those who snoozed up to nine hours. However, those with less shut-eye also consumed six per cent more calories.

Those getting less rest tended to eat smaller breakfasts but binged on after-dinner snacks, according to the researchers.

In fact, the late-night food intake totaled more in calories than individual meals, they said.

The authors of the study also found that men and women responded differently to having access to unrestricted amounts of food.

While both males and females put on weight when only allowed to sleep five hours, men gained - even with "adequate" rest - when they could eat as much as they desired. Women, however, maintained their weight when they had "adequate" sleep, no matter how much food was at their disposal.

A separate study out last month said sleep deficit - even just a week's worth -- can have damaging effects on our genes.

Lack of adequate shut-eye had already been linked to conditions from heart disease and cognitive impairment to obesity. (AFP)

READMOR:http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-91833-Less-sleep-leads-to-more-eating,-weight-gai